Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution on palladium/foam-nickel and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel electrodes

Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution was investigated using palladium-loaded electrodes at ambient temperature. Palladium/foam-nickel （Pd/foam-Ni） and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel （Pd/PPy/foam-Ni） composite electrodes which provided catalytic surface for reductive dechlorination of chloroform in aqueous solution were prepared using an electrodepositing method. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） micrographs showed that polymeric pyrrole film modified the electrode-surface characteristics and resulted in the uniform dispersion of needle-shaped palladium particles on foam-Ni supporting electrode. The experimental results of dechlorination indicated that the removal efficiency of chloroform and current efficiency in neutral aqueous solution on Pd/PPy/foam-Ni electrode could be up to 36.8% and 33.0% at dechlorination current of 0.1 mA and dechlorination time of 180 min, which is much higher than that of Pd/foam-Ni electrode.     

Characterization of depth-related microbial communities in lake sediment by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA fragments

The characterization of microbial communities of different depth sediment samples was examined by a culture-independent method and compared with physicochemical parameters, those are organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, pH and redox potential （Eh）. Total genomic DNA was extracted from samples derived from different depths. After they were amplified with the GC-341 f/907r primer sets of partial bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. The profile of DGGE fingerprints of different depth sediment samples revealed that the community structure remained relatively stable along the entire 45 cm sediment core, however, principal-component analysis of DGGE patterns revealed that at greater sediment depths, successional shifts in community structure were evident. The principle coordinates analysis suggested that the bacterial communities along the sediment core could be separated into two groups, which were located 0-20 cm and 21-45 cm, respectively. The sequencing dominant bands demonstrated that the major phylogenetic groups identified by DGGE belonged to Bacillus, Bacterium, Brevibacillus, Exiguobacterium, γ-Proteobacterium, Acinetobacter sp. and some uncultured or unidentified bacteria. The results indicated the existence of highly diverse bacterial community in the lake sediment core.     

室内空气中挥发性有机物污染研究现状

随着经济的发展和人们生活水平品质的提高,室内空气污染逐渐成为人们关心的环境问题之一。文章在查阅了大量文献及结合作者工作的基础上,介绍了室内空气中挥发性有机物污染水平研究现状,采样分析方法和治理技术的进展情况。     

世博园区水体底泥氮磷分布特征

分析世博园区水体底泥中氮磷营养盐、硫化物和有机质含量,结果表明,硫化物为(4.51±0.12)mg/kg,有机质为(1.73±0.01)%,氨氮为(206.6±1.2)mg/kg,亚硝酸盐氮为(0.041±0.001)mg/kg,硝酸盐氮为(0.066±0.002)mg/kg,总氮为(0.228±0.002)%,速效磷为(192.3±0.5)mg/kg,总磷为(0.247±0.001)%。运用有机指数评价底泥污染,为0.299±0.005,说明污染较严重。     

在用汽油车典型排气检测方法的工况分析

总结了国内外常用在用汽油车的排气检测方法,以工况解析的方式分析了常用在用汽油车的检测工况,提出了以偏差率来评定检测工况的相关性,并得出了TüV-A、IM240与型式认证相关性较高,IM195与GB18352.3-2005全工况的相关性较低的结论.     

Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]     

藻类絮凝体形态学特征及其与气浮的关系研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝药剂,利用混凝-气浮技术去除水中铜绿微囊藻(MA),用图像法对絮凝体的分形维数进行测定,分析不同混凝条件下的气浮除藻效果以及PAC-MA絮凝体的形态学特征,并探讨两者的关系.结果表明,在快速混合搅拌强度和时间分别为500 s-1和1 min,回流比为10%条件下,PAC最佳投药量范围为5.6-9.8 mg/L Al2O3,最佳点为8.4 mg/LAl2O3;最佳的絮凝反应搅拌强度范围为50～80 s-1,最佳点为50 8-1;最佳的絮凝时间范围为5～8 min;投药量、絮凝反应搅拌强度及时间对PAC-MA絮凝体形态有着显著影响,在最佳混凝条件下,絮凝体的二维分形维数D2较小,在1.168 8～1.235 7之:间,相对应的絮凝体的平均粒径较大,在300～500 μm之间;在适当的混凝条件下,结构疏松,枝权较多,尺寸较大的PAC-MA絮凝体与气泡粘附效果好,容易气浮去除.     

二氧化锰氧化降解五氯酚的动力学模拟研究

研究了五氯酚(PCP)在二氧化锰(MnO2)氧化作用下的降解反应动力学,并讨论了无机离子和有机组分对PCP降解动力学的影响.采用n级反应速率模型对PCP降解动力学进行非线性拟合,结果显示n＞0.999,这表明一级反应速率模型适用于模拟PCP降解反应.在保证95%置信区间的条件下,采用准一级反应速率模型对0.5 h内的PCP降解动力学进行了非线性拟合,得到的离心法和维生素C破坏法下PcP降解表观速率常数kobs分别是2.86和2.14 h-1.二价金属离子的加入能降低PCP的kobs;当超过MnO2初始浓度2%以上的Mn2 存在时,Mn2 能对PCP的kobs产生显著影响,而其它不同类型和浓度的离子对kobs不产生显著影响.8种酚酸中的咖啡酸、丁香酸和五倍子酸对kobs的抑制作用达到了显著性水平;而肉桂酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸和邻(对)羟基苯甲酸的影响不明显.研究表明,降低PCP降解速率的主要原因是由于导致PCP在MnO2表面的吸附作用减弱或在MnO2表面与PCP发生竞争反应造成的.     

钢制药筒丝状腐蚀加速试验方法研究

通过对钢制药筒丝状腐蚀机理和影响因素的研究,在试验的基础上,提出了活化液配方、活化液温度、活化时间等丝状腐蚀的加速活化条件以及温度、相对湿度、氧含量等促使丝状腐蚀加速生长和发展的露置条件。提出的丝状腐蚀加速试验方法具有使用设备简单、试验条件容易控制、加速性好、试验结果复现性好等优点。     

广州市大气TSP浓度变化及其与气象因子的关系

利用实地监测大气TSP浓度和局地气象数据,研究了2005年至2006年广州市不同功能区大气TSP浓度变化及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明,工业区大气TSP月平均浓度0.273mg/m3最高,显著高于交通繁忙区的0.207mg/m3;极显著高于商业区的0.180mg/m3、社区的0.155mg/m3和对照郊区的0.142mg/m3。研究显示,广州市大气TSP污染仍然比较严重。广州市大气TSP浓度与降雨呈现负相关性,与温度呈极显著的负相关性,与相对湿度呈显著的负相关性,与风速呈负相关性,与风向的相关性不明显。各功能区大气TSP浓度与局地气象因子也存在类似的规律。